Theorem 24.6.5 (Monotone Convergence Theorem (in Measure)).label Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a semifinite measure space, $\net{f}\subset \mathcal{L}^{+}(X, \cm)$, and $f \in \mathcal{L}^{+}(X, \cm)$ such that

  1. (a)

    For each $x \in X$, $f_{\alpha}(x) \upto f(x)$.

  2. (b)

    $f_{\alpha} \to f$ locally in measure.

then

\[\lim_{\alpha \in A}\int f_{\alpha} d\mu = \int f d\mu\]

Proof. By Definition 25.2.2, $\int f_{\alpha} d\mu \le \int f d\mu$ for each $\alpha \in A$.

On the other hand, using Lemma 25.2.3, it is sufficient to show that

\[\lim_{\alpha \in A}\int f_{\alpha} d\mu = \sup_{\alpha \in A}\int f_{\alpha} d\mu \ge \int \phi d\mu\]

for any $\phi \in \Sigma^{+}(X, \cm)$ satisfying:

  1. (i)

    There exists $\delta > 0$ such that $\phi + \delta \le f$ on $\bracs{\phi > 0}$.

  2. (ii)

    $\phi \in L^{1}(X, \cm)$.

To this end, let $\eps > 0$. Since $\mu\bracs{\phi > 0}< \infty$, by (b), there exists $\alpha \in A$ such that

\[\mu\bracs{\phi > 0, f_\alpha + \delta < \phi}\le \mu\bracs{\phi > 0, f_\alpha + \delta < f}< \frac{\eps}{\norm{\phi}_{u}}\]

In which case, by linearity,

\begin{align*}\int \phi d\mu&= \int_{\bracs{\phi > 0}}\phi d\mu = \int_{\bracs{\phi > 0, f_\alpha + \delta \ge \phi}}\phi d\mu + \int_{\bracs{\phi > 0, f_\alpha + \delta < \phi}}\phi d\mu \\&\le \int_{\bracs{\phi > 0, f_\alpha + \delta \ge \phi}}f_{\alpha} d\mu +\norm{\phi}_{u}\mu \bracs{\phi > 0, f_\alpha + \delta < \phi}\\&\le \int f_{\alpha} d\mu + \norm{\phi}_{u} \frac{\eps}{\norm{\phi}_{u}}= \int f_{\alpha} d\mu + \eps\end{align*}

As the above holds for all $\eps > 0$, $\int \phi d\mu \le \sup_{\alpha \in A}\int f_{\alpha} d\mu$. Therefore

\[\int f d\mu = \sup_{\alpha \in A}\int f_{\alpha} d\mu = \lim_{\alpha \in A}\int f_{\alpha} d\mu\]

$\square$

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