Lemma 18.3.4.label Let $\dpn{E, F}{\lambda}$ be a duality over $\real$ and $f, g: E \to (-\infty, \infty]$ with $f, g \ne \infty$, then

  1. (1)

    $f^{*}$ is convex and lower semicontinuous.

  2. (2)

    If $f \le g$, then $f^{*} \ge g^{*}$.

  3. (3)

    If $f^{*} \ne \infty$, then $f^{**}\le f$.

Proof. (1): By Proposition 18.1.6 and Proposition 5.22.3.

(3): For each $x \in E$ and $\phi \in F$,

\begin{align*}\dpn{x, \phi}{\lambda}- f^{*}(\phi)&= \dpn{x, \phi}{\lambda}- \braks{\sup_{z \in E}\dpn{z, \phi}{\lambda} - f(z)}\\&= \dpn{x, \phi}{\lambda}+ \braks{\inf_{z \in E}f(z) - \dpn{z, \phi}{\lambda}}\\&\le \dpn{x, \phi}{\lambda}+ f(x) - \dpn{x, \phi}{\lambda}= f(x)\end{align*}

As the above holds for all $\phi \in F$, $f^{**}\le f$.$\square$

Comments

cce
Yesterday at 11:55
in proof of (3), where was $f^{*}\neq\infty$ used?

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