Proposition 16.2.3.label Let $\dpn{E, F}{\lambda}$ be a duality over $K \in \RC$, then:

  1. (1)

    $\emptyset^{\circ} = F$ and $E^{\circ} = \bracs{0}$.

  2. (2)

    For any $\alpha \in K \setminus \bracs{0}$ and $A \subset E$, $(\alpha A)^{\circ} = \alpha^{-1}\cdot A^{\circ}$.

  3. (3)

    For any $\seqi{A}\subset E$, $\paren{\bigcup_{i \in I}A_i}^{\circ} = \bigcap_{i \in I}A_{i}^{\circ}$.

  4. (4)

    For any $A \subset B \subset E$, $A^{\circ} \supset B^{\circ}$.

  5. (5)

    For any saturated ideal $\sigma \subset \mathfrak{B}(E, \sigma(E, F))$, $\bracs{S^\circ|S \in \sigma}$ is a fundamental system of neighbourhoods at $0$ for the $\sigma$-uniform topology on $F$.

Proof. (2): For any $\lambda \in K \setminus \bracs{0}$ and $A \subset E$,

\begin{align*}(\lambda A)^{\circ}&= \bracs{y \in F|\text{Re}\dpn{x, y}{\lambda} \le 1 \forall x \in \alpha A}\\&= \bracs{y \in F|\text{Re}\dpn{x, y}{\lambda} \le 1 \forall x \in \alpha A}\\&= \bracs{y \in F|\text{Re}\dpn{x, \alpha y}{\lambda} \le 1 \forall x \in A}\\&= \bracs{y \in F|\text{Re}\dpn{\alpha x, y}{\lambda} \le 1 \forall x \in A}\\&= \bracs{\alpha^{-1} y \in F|\text{Re}\dpn{x, y}{\lambda} \le 1 \forall x \in A}\\&= \alpha^{-1}\cdot A^{\circ}\end{align*}

(5): Let $S \in \sigma$, then

\[(\aconv(S))^{\circ} = \bracs{y \in F|\ |\dpn{x, y}{\lambda}| \le 1 \forall x \in A}\subset S^{\circ}\]

Since $\sigma$ is saturated, $\bracs{S^\circ|S \in \sigma}$ is a fundamental system of neighbourhoods at $0$ for the $\sigma$-uniform topology.$\square$