Corollary 25.6.6.label Let $(X, \cm)$ be a measurable space, $(E, \norm{\cdot}_{E})$ be a separable normed vector space, and $f: X \to E$, then the following are equivalent:

  1. (1)

    $f$ is $(\cm, \cb_{E})$-measurable.

  2. (2)

    There exists simple functions $\seq{f_n}$ such that $\abs{f_n}\le \abs{f}$ for all $n \in \natp$, and $f_{n} \to f$ pointwise.

Proof. (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2): Let

\[\mathcal{A}: E \to 2^{E} \quad y \mapsto \begin{cases}B_{E}(0, \norm{y}_{E})&y \ne 0 \\ E&y = 0\end{cases}\]

then

  1. (AA1)

    For each $y \in E$, $y \in \ol{\mathcal{A}(y)^o}$.

  2. (AA2)

    $0 \in \bigcap_{y \in E}\mathcal{A}(y)$.

  3. (B)

    For any fixed $y_{0} \in E \setminus \bracs{0}$,

    \[\bracs{y \in E|y_0 \in \mathcal{A}(y)}= \bracs{y \in E|\norm{y_0}_E < \norm{y}_E}\cup \bracs{0}\in \cb_{E}\]

    and $\bracs{y \in E|0 \in \mathcal{A}(y)}= E$.

so $\mathcal{A}$ is a Borel measurable admissible approximant function.

By (2) of Corollary 25.6.5, there exists simple functions $\seq{f_n}$ such that $|f_{n}| \le |f|$ on $\bracs{f \ne 0}$ for all $n \in \natp$ and $f_{n} \to f$ pointwise. In which case, $|\one_{\bracs{f \ne 0}}f_{n}| \le |f|$ globally for all $n \in \natp$ and $\one_{\bracs{f \ne 0}}f_{n} \to f$ pointwise as $n \to \infty$.

(2) $\Rightarrow$ (1): By Proposition 25.5.4.$\square$

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