Theorem 27.2.4 (Maximum Modulus Theorem).label Let $E$ be a complete separated locally convex space over $\complex$, $U \subset \complex$ be open and connected, then

  1. (1)

    For each $f \in H(U; E)$ and continuous seminorm $[\cdot]_{E}: E \to [0, \infty)$, if there exists $z_{0} \in U$ with

    \[[f(z_{0})]_{E} = \sup_{z \in U}[f(z)]_{E}\]

    then $[f]_{E}$ is constant.

  2. (2)

    For any $f \in H(U; \complex)$, if there exists $z_{0} \in U$ with

    \[|f(z_{0})| = \sup_{z \in U}|f(z)|\]

    then $f$ is constant.

Proof. (1): Let $M = \sup_{z \in U}[f(z)]_{E}$. Since $[f]_{E}$ is continuous, $\bracsn{[f]_E = M}$ is closed. By Cauchy’s Integral Formula and Proposition 13.4.1, $\bracsn{[f]_E = M}$ is open. As $U$ is connected, $\bracsn{[f]_E = M}= U$.

(2): By (1), $|f|$ is constant. After rescaling, assume without loss of generality that $\ol f = 1/f$. In this case, for each $z \in U$,

\[D\ol f(z) = \lim_{\substack{h \to 0 \\ h \in \real}}\frac{\ol{f(x + h) - f(x)}}{h}= \ol{Df}(z)\]

and

\[D\ol f(z) = \lim_{\substack{h \to 0 \\ h \in \real}}\frac{\ol{f(x + ih) - f(x)}}{ih}= -\ol{Df}(z)\]

so $Df = 0$ and $f$ is constant.$\square$

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