Proposition 30.4.9.label Let $G$ be a locally compact group and $f, g: G \to \complex$ be Borel measurable, then:

  1. (1)

    For any $x \in G$, $(f * g)(x) = \int_{G} f(y)L_{y}g(x) dy = \int_{G} R_{y}f(x) g(y^{-1}) dy$.

  2. (2)

    For any $z \in G$, $L_{z}(f * g) = (L_{z}f) * g$, and $R_{z}(f * g) = f * (R_{z} g)$.

  3. (3)

    If $f \in L^{1}(G; \complex)$ and $g \in L^{\infty}(G; \complex)$, then $f * g$ is left uniformly continuous[1].

  4. (4)

    If $G$ is unimodular, $p, q \in (1, \infty)$ are Hölder conjugates, $f \in L^{p}(G; \complex)$, and $g \in L^{q}(G; \complex)$, then $f * g \in C_{0}(G; \complex)$ with

    \[\norm{f * g}_{u} \le \norm{f}_{L^p(G; \complex)}\norm{g}_{L^q(G; \complex)}\]

Proof, [Proposition 2.41, Proposition 2.43, Fol16]. (1): For any $x \in G$, by translation-invariance,

\begin{align*}(f * g)(x)&= \int_{G} f(y)g(y^{-1}x) dy = \int_{G} f(y)L_{y}g(x)dy \\&= \int_{G} f(xy)g(y^{-1})dy = \int_{G} R_{y}f(x)g(y^{-1})dy\end{align*}

(2): Let $x, z \in G$, then by translation-invariance,

\begin{align*}L_{z}(f * g)(x)&= (f * g)(z^{-1}x) = \int_{G} f(y)g(y^{-1}z^{-1}x) dy \\&= \int_{G} f(z^{-1}y)g(y^{-1}x)dy = \int_{G} L_{z}f(y)g(y^{-1}x)dy \\&= (L_{z}f * g)(x) \\ R_{z}(f * g)(x)&= (f * g)(xz) = \int_{G} f(y)g(y^{-1}xz)dy = (f * R_{z}g)(x)\end{align*}

(3): By (2), $L_{z}(f * g) - f * g = (L_{z} f - f) * g$. By continuity of translation and Young’s Inequality,

\[\lim_{z \to 1}\norm{L_z(f * g) - (f * g)}_{L^\infty(G; \complex)}\le \lim_{z \to 1}\norm{L_zf - f}_{L^1(G; \complex)}\cdot \norm{g}_{L^\infty(G; \complex)}= 0\]

Therefore $(f * g)$ is left uniformly continuous.

(4): Let $h: G \to \complex$ be defined by $h(y) = g(y^{-1})$, then for each $x \in G$, Hölder’s Inequality implies that

\begin{align*}(f * g)(x)&= \int_{G} f(y)g(y^{-1}x) dy = \int_{G} f(xy)g(y^{-1}) dy \\ |(f * g)(x)|&\le \int_{G} |f(xy)h(y)| dy \le \norm{f}_{L^p(G; \complex)}\norm{h}_{L^q(G; \complex)}\end{align*}

Since $G$ is unimodular, $\norm{h}_{L^q(G; \complex)}= \norm{g}_{L^q(G; \complex)}$, so

\[\norm{f * g}_{u} \le \norm{f}_{L^p(G; \complex)}\norm{h}_{L^q(G; \complex)}\]

For any $f, g \in C_{c}(G; \complex)$, $\supp{f * g}\subset \supp{f}\supp{g}$, so $f * g \in C_{c}(G; \complex)$. By Proposition 25.1.7, $C_{c}(G; \complex)$ is dense in $L^{p}(G; \complex)$ and $L^{q}(G; \complex)$. By Proposition 5.5.3,

\begin{align*}L^{p}(G; \complex) * L^{q}(G; \complex)&= \ol{C_c(G; \complex)}^{L^p(G; \complex)}* \ol{C_c(G; \complex)}^{L^q(G; \complex)}\\&\subset \ol{C_c(G; \complex) * C_c(G; \complex)}^{C_0(G; \complex)}= C_{0}(G; \complex)\end{align*}

$\square$

  1. Folland also claims that $g * f$ is right uniformly continuous [Proposition 2.41, Proposition 2.43, Fol16]. This is not true unless $G$ is unimodular. A counterexample is given by the $ax + b$ group, where $f = \one_{[1, \infty) \times [0, 1]}$ and $g = \one$.keyboard_return

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